幼兒英語(yǔ)早教----幼兒健康（2）

續(xù)：幼兒英語(yǔ)早教----幼兒健康

    High-Risk Scenario 1: When Early Life Undernutrition is Followed by Adult Weight Gain

        The above text discussed the hypothesis that the fetus has a capacity to "anchor" its nutritional expectations to a gestational signal (e.g. hormones, nutrients) of average recent nutrition as experienced by the mother. This might allow the developing organism to modify its own nutritional expenditure, as reflected in its growth rate, body size and other traits, as locally experienced nutritional conditions change. It is easy to see how metabolic changes that could be favorable to a nutritionally stressed fetus or infant—such as sparing glucose or depositing more fat in the abdomen – might also plant the seeds for heightened risk of developing metabolic diseases if that individual ends up gaining weight during childhood or as an adult. Thus, any context in which individuals routinely face nutritional stress before birth or during infancy but then gain excess weight during later childhood or as an adult should be associated with a high susceptibility of developing metabolic disease.  The now common finding that CVD risk is highest among individuals who were born small but later put on weight is consistent with this idea. Under what societal conditions might this pattern of early dearth followed by later excess be especially prominent or influential within a population? One way is as a result of rapid cultural, political or economic transition. In many societies, industrialization of farming is increasing affordability of cheap calories, while populations are also increasingly relying upon automobiles and other forms of transportation to move from place to place. As individuals take in more calories while expending fewer during the day, weight gain is inevitable. When the transition to relative caloric excess takes place within a single generation individuals raised under austere nutritional conditions during early life may go on to gain excess weight as older children or adults and have heightened CVD risk as a result. Consistent with this model, stunting – a measure of early life undernutrition—has been shown to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and obesity in populations experiencing rapid nutritional transition.   Poor early life nutrition may also coexist with adult overnutrition simply because nutritional stressors are often concentrated during periods of heightened nutritional vulnerability early in the life cycle. In contrast to trends towards positive adult energy balance and weight gain in many global populations, the nutritional experiences of infants and young children are often more strongly influenced by common communicable diseases and their underlying social determinants, such as sanitation, crowding and the availability of clean water. That nutritional stress around the age of weaning is often severe is revealed by the mammalian strategy of depositing extra body fat after birth in preparation for weaning. Among mammals, humans give birth to the fattest babies on record, which may help us to prepare for this weaning stress, which is accentuated in our species owing to the need to provide a constant supply of energy for our unusually large and energetically fragile brains.

幼兒英語(yǔ)早教----幼兒健康

        高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)場(chǎng)景1:當(dāng)早期生活營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良后,成年人體重增加上面的文章討論了胎兒有能力將營(yíng)養(yǎng)預(yù)期"錨定"的假設(shè)(如:荷爾蒙,營(yíng)養(yǎng)),這是母親所經(jīng)歷過(guò)的平均 近營(yíng)養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn).這可能會(huì)讓發(fā)展中生物改變自己的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支出,這反映在其生長(zhǎng)速率、體型和其他性狀上,因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)赜薪?jīng)驗(yàn)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況會(huì)發(fā)生變化.很容易看到如何有利于代謝變化,胎兒營(yíng)養(yǎng)強(qiáng)調(diào)或infant-such抽出葡萄糖或存放更多的脂肪在腹部——也可能植物的種子患代謝疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加劇,如果那個(gè)人 終在兒童或成年后體重增加.因此,在任何情況下,個(gè)體在出生之前或在幼年時(shí)期通常面臨營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力,但在以后的童年期或成年期,體重會(huì)增加過(guò)多,這應(yīng)該與高度易感性的代謝疾病有關(guān).目前常見(jiàn)的心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在出生時(shí)很小但后來(lái)體重增加的個(gè)體中是 高的,這與這個(gè)想法一致.在什么樣的社會(huì)條件下,這種早期的缺乏和后來(lái)的過(guò)度在人群中特別突出或有影響?一種方法是快速的文化、政治或經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型.在許多社會(huì),農(nóng)業(yè)的工業(yè)化正在增加廉價(jià)卡路里的負(fù)擔(dān)能力,而人口也越來(lái)越依賴(lài)于汽車(chē)和其他交通方式,以從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)地方.隨著人們攝入更多的熱量,而在白天消耗的熱量更少,體重增加是不可避免的.當(dāng)在早期的生活中,在嚴(yán)峻的營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件下,個(gè)體產(chǎn)生的相對(duì)熱量過(guò)剩發(fā)生的時(shí)候,可能會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而增加超重的體重,從而增加了心血管疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).與這一模型相一致的是,發(fā)育不良——一種早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的測(cè)量方法——已經(jīng)被證明是在經(jīng)歷快速營(yíng)養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)變的人群中代謝綜合征和肥胖的一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素.早期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良也可能與成人過(guò)度營(yíng)養(yǎng)共存,這僅僅是因?yàn)樵谏�命周期的早�?營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力往往集中在營(yíng)養(yǎng)脆弱的時(shí)期.與在許多全球人口中積極成人能量平衡和體重增加的趨勢(shì)相反,嬰幼兒的營(yíng)養(yǎng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)往往更強(qiáng)烈地受到公共傳染病及其潛在的社會(huì)決定因素的影響,如環(huán)境衛(wèi)生、擁擠和清潔水的供應(yīng).哺乳動(dòng)物在出生后將額外的身體脂肪儲(chǔ)存在準(zhǔn)備斷奶的過(guò)程中,這種營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力通常是很?chē)?yán)重的.在哺乳動(dòng)物中,人類(lèi)在記錄中生下 胖的嬰兒,這可能有助于我們?yōu)檫@種斷奶的壓力做準(zhǔn)備,這種壓力在我們的物種中更加突出,因?yàn)槲覀冃枰獮槲覀儺惓＞薮蟮�、精力旺盛的大腦提供源源不斷的能量.

    It is an unfortunate fact that in many developing economies today, nutritionalstressors at this early age tend to be common—tracing to factors such as diarrhea and respiratory tract infections—despite the fact that those same individuals may later experience excess weight gain as adults. Because infancy nutrition remains tightly linked to social conditions related to poverty while the availability of cheap calories is increasingly common and driving adult weight gain, many individuals may how experience early life nutrition stress followed by adult caloric excess even in the absence of rapid societal transition. This is reflected, for instance, in the common co-occurrence of obese and malnourished individuals in the same household within some low-income populations. The body’s developmental response to early nutritional stressors can help to explain why these populations often have high rates of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases.

幼兒英語(yǔ)早教----幼兒健康

        這是一個(gè)不幸的事實(shí),在當(dāng)今許多發(fā)展中經(jīng)濟(jì)體中,早期的營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力往往是像腹瀉和呼吸道感染等因素的共同追蹤,盡管這些人在成年后可能會(huì)經(jīng)歷過(guò)度的體重增加.因?yàn)閶雰浩跔I(yíng)養(yǎng)與與貧困有關(guān)的社會(huì)環(huán)境密切相關(guān),而廉價(jià)卡路里的可用性越來(lái)越普遍,并且導(dǎo)致成年人體重增加,許多人可能會(huì)經(jīng)歷早期的生活營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力,即使在沒(méi)有快速的社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型的情況下,成年人也會(huì)有多余的熱量.例如,在一些低收入人群中,在同一家庭中,肥胖和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的人共同出現(xiàn).身體對(duì)早期營(yíng)養(yǎng)壓力的發(fā)育反應(yīng)可以幫助解釋為什么這些人群的心血管和其他代謝疾病的發(fā)病率很高.

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